This paper shows the necessary conditions to efficiently produce nongaseous Gorman-Lancasterian characteristics embodied in goods, and to optimally emit heat, and trace gases as gaseous attributes combined in the urban atmosphere. Sen’s capability approach is used to define personal well-being, since the impacts of urban warming upon each resident affect his/her functionings a la Sen. Any inhabitant consumes goods and emits heat and gases in the urban air. It is demonstrated that any inhabitant maximizes his/her happiness function by consuming goods and emitting heat and gases in the ambient urban air. This paper introduces heat island integral to represent the magnitude of heat island and an urban warming function. Also, producers and landscape gardeners in the metropolis provide goods or plant trees in metropolitan residents’ gardens. A tax-subsidy scheme is proposed to cope with urban heat island, which aims to optimally adjust heat in the urban atmosphere.

Recently, the heat island phenomenon is attracting public attention as an environmental problem in urban areas. Rooftop greening has been vigorously studied and practiced as a measure to cope with this problem. However, it involves many difficulties, including the loading of the roof with basic greening materials, high construction costs, and difficulties related to maintenance (e.g. the maintenance of vegetation after construction). Reeds fulfill important functions in conserving the natural environment: by purifying water and preventing eutrophication through the absorption of phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients; providing nursery grounds for waterfront organisms; and absorbing and immobilizing CO₂. To maintain these functions, it is necessary to mow reeds every year. At present, however, reed mowing is not conducted to a satisfactory degree, because there are few ways to use a large amount of mowed reeds effectively. Accordingly, the authors experimentally installed reed screens on the roof of a building, to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these screens in thermal insulation.
Therefore, using "the ditch reeds" which were natural plant recycling materials, improvement of the air conditioner efficiency of the building paid attention to a prospective thing by planning rise restraint of the roof concrete surface temperature of the daytime in the summer and performed the observation about those effects. As a result of observation, I understood that an insulation effect was confirmed and could expect a reduction effect of the air conditioner load by laying ditch reeds.

We analyzed the relationships of the outside air temperatures at bedtime with sleep quality. First, an online questionnaire survey of residents in the 23 wards of Tokyo was conducted. Next, the responses to the questionnaire were analyzed by using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) and a sleep quality index developed by us for measuring the quality of daily sleep. The overall rate of subjects having sleep quality indices indicative of disturbed sleep was 48.8% (95% confidence interval: 44.0-53.6%) irrespective of outside air temperature when the outside air temperature at bedtime was lower than 25.2℃. The rate increased by 3.0% with each 1℃ increase in outside air temperature above 25.2℃. The environmental impact for health damage caused by the increase of disturbed sleep resulting from the effect the urban heat island phenomenon at night was estimated to be 344 million yen (between 68.7 million and 412 million yen).

Observations concerning cold air drainage from the park are carried out in relatively large parks in the built-up area of Osaka prefecture, and its potential evaluation is examined. It is confirmed that wind blows radially from the center of the park to the built-up area as a result of movement observation of wind direction and velocity. Cold air drainage from the park is confirmed in the case of weak sea breeze in the night from observation results at the west edge point in the park. Wind velocity of cold air drainage from the park is weak (about 0.5 m/s), but air temperature falls around two or three degrees suddenly right after the wind direction change. It is thought that cold air drainage from the park flows out into the built-up area triggered by sea breeze becoming weak. It is confirmed that air temperature falls to as same air temperature in the park by cold air drainage from the park at some points in an immediate neighborhood of the park in the case of cold air drainage wind direction.